Operational amplifier with high gain and symmetrical output-current capability

ABSTRACT

An operational amplifier includes a first stage, and a second stage with an input connected to an output of the first stage and an output connected to a load. The second stage includes between its input and its output a first signal path for driving the load in a first direction, and a second signal path for driving the load in the opposite direction. The first and second signal paths have substantially equal gains for small signals, substantially equal output impedances for small and large signals, and substantially equal output-current capabilities.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to electronics and, more particularly, to an operational amplifier.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Operational amplifiers are used in various applications in analog electronics. An operational amplifier is a circuit characterized by having two inputs, that is, an inverting or negative input and a non-inverting or positive input. The operational amplifier includes an output, that is, a single-ended amplifier, or two outputs, that is, a double-ended amplifier which is also known as a fully differential amplifier.

[0003] Theoretically, an operational amplifier has infinite differential input impedance. In practice, operational amplifiers have a very high differential input impedance. Theoretically, operational amplifiers have an infinite gain voltage-driven output voltage. In practice, however, operational amplifiers have a very high gain. Theoretically, operational amplifiers also have an infinite output-current capability which is also symmetrical in the two cases of a leading edge and of a trailing edge of the output signal, and an infinite rate of variation (slew rate) of the output current over time.

[0004] Operational amplifiers which are symmetrical from the point of view of their output-current capabilities but which have a single amplification stage and, hence low overall gain, are readily known by one skilled in the art. Other known operational amplifiers include two amplification stages in cascade, and thus have a sufficiently high overall gain. However, these operational amplifiers are not symmetrical with regard to their output-current capabilities.

[0005] Operational amplifiers with more than two stages are critical from a stability point of view. In fact, it is known that operational amplifiers are normally used with a feedback network between the input and the output. To ensure the stability of the feedback loop in which the operational amplifier is connected, it is necessary to provide compensation capacitors within the amplifier. This increases the area occupied by the amplifier and reduces the slew rate.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] In view of the foregoing background, an object of the present invention is to provide an operational amplifier with sufficiently high gain which is not critical from the stability point of view, and which at the same time is symmetrical with respect to its output-current capability.

[0007] According to the present invention, this object is achieved by an operational amplifier comprising a first stage, and a second stage with an input connected to an output of the first stage and an output connected to a load. The second stage comprises, between its input and its output, a first signal path for driving the load in a first direction and a second signal path for driving the load in the opposite direction. The first and second signal paths have substantially equal gains for small signals, substantially equal output impedances for small and large signals, and substantially equal output-current capabilities.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] The characteristics and the advantages of the present invention will be made clearer by the following detailed description of a possible practical embodiment thereof, shown purely by way of a non-limiting example, in the single drawing given on the appended drawing sheet.

[0009]FIG. 1 shows the circuit diagram of an operational amplifier according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] The operational amplifier, generally indicated by 1, comprises a first amplification stage 2 or input stage. The first amplification stage 2 has two inputs, that is, a positive or non-inverting input In+ and a negative or inverting input In−, between which an input signal V_(in) can be applied. The first single-ended amplification stage 2 has an output Out_(i). The output Out_(i) of the first amplification stage 2 is supplied to a second amplification stage, generally indicated by 3.

[0011] The second amplification stage 3 comprises a final stage M₄, M₅ which forms a Class B push-pull output stage. The output stage is formed by a p-channel MOSFET M₄ and an n-channel MOSFET M₅ connected in series between a supply voltage VDD and a reference voltage. The reference voltage is ground in the embodiment shown. In particular, the MOSFET M₄ has its source electrode connected to the supply voltage and its drain electrode connected to the drain electrode of the MOSFET M₅ the source electrode of which is connected to ground. The common node between the MOSFETs M₄ and M₅ forms an output Out of the operational amplifier.

[0012] The second amplification stage 3 comprises two signal paths. A first signal path or n-path is formed by the path which goes from the output Out_(i) of the first amplification stage 1 to the output Out of the operational amplifier passing through the n-channel MOSFET M₅ of the final stage. A second signal path or p-path is formed by the path which goes from the output Out_(i) of the first amplification stage 1 to the output Out of the operational amplifier passing through the p-channel MOSFET M₄ of the final stage. The first signal path or n-path serves for driving the load RL in a first direction, particularly towards ground. The second signal path or p-path serves for driving the load in the opposite direction, in particular, towards the supply voltage VDD.

[0013] The n-channel MOSFET M₅ has its gate electrode connected to the output Out₁ of the first amplification stage 2. The MOSFET M₅ of the output stage is therefore driven directly by the output Out₁ of the first amplification stage 2. A compensation capacitor C_(c1) is also connected between the gate electrode and the drain electrode of the MOSFET M₅.

[0014] For driving the p-channel MOSFET M₄, however, the second stage 3 comprises a pair of circuit branches 4, 5. The branch 4 comprises a p-channel MOSFET M₃ and an n-channel MOSFET M₈ connected in series between the supply voltage VDD and ground. The MOSFET M₃ is connected in a diode configuration, that is, it has its gate electrode short-circuited to its drain electrode. The MOSFET M₈ has its gate electrode connected to the output Out_(i), that is, it is driven by the first amplification stage 2.

[0015] The branch 5 comprises two p-channel MOSFETs M₁ and M₂ connected in series between the supply voltage VDD and ground. The MOSFET M₁, which has its source electrode connected to the supply voltage VDD, has its gate electrode connected to the gate electrode of the MOSFET M₃. The drain electrode of the MOSFET M₁, which is also the source electrode of the MOSFET M₂, is connected to the gate electrode of the MOSFET M₄ of the final stage.

[0016] As a result of the way in which the MOSFETs M₃ and M₁ are connected to one another, the two circuit branches 4 and 5 form a current mirror. This current mirror also acts substantially as a level translator for the MOSFET M₄.

[0017] The operational amplifier 1 also comprises a biasing circuit for the MOSFET M₂. The biasing circuit comprises a circuit branch 6 with a pair of p-channel MOSFETs M₆, M₇ connected as diodes and connected in series between the supply voltage VDD and a current generator I_(O). In practice, the current generator I_(O) may also be formed by transistors in accordance with one of the known approaches, so that the current I_(O) has a value which is substantially constant with variations in the supply voltage VDD with a high output impedance.

[0018] The dimensions of the MOSFETs M₁, M₂, M₃, M₄, M₅ and M₈ of the second amplification stage 3 may be selected in accordance with the following considerations. First of all, the n-channel MOSFET M₅ of the final stage will have to be relatively highly conductive so as to be able to absorb a relatively high current from the load.

[0019] If the ratio between the transconductance g_(mN 5)of the n-channel M₅ of the final stage and the transconductance g_(mN8) of the n-channel MOSFET M₈ is K, that is:

g _(mN5) /g _(mN8) =K,

[0020] the dimensions of the remaining MOSFETs M₁, M₂, M₃, and M₄ of the second stage will be such that their transconductances g_(mP1), g_(mP2), g_(mP3) and g_(mP4) satisfy the equation:

(g _(mP1) /g _(mP3))*(g _(mP4) /g _(mP2))=K.

[0021] As readily understood by one skilled in the art, this can easily be achieved by the W/L ratios (where W and L are the channel width and length of the MOSFET, respectively) of the individual MOSFETs.

[0022] Preferably, since the p-channel MOSFET M₄ in the final stage will have to have dimensions to be relatively highly conductive so as to be able to supply a relatively high current to the load, and the ratio between the transconductance g_(mP1) of the MOSFET M₁ and the transconductance g_(mP3) of the MOSFET M₃ of the current mirror will have to be kept as close as possible to unity in order not to reduce excessively the pass-band of the current mirror for a small signal, the two p-channel MOSFETs M₃ and M₁ of the current mirror have dimensions such that the ratio between their transconductances is substantially equal to 1 (mirroring ratio equal to approximately 1). The p-channel MOSFET M₄ of the final stage and the p-channel MOSFET M₂ have dimensions such that the former has a transconductance value approximately K times greater than the transconductance of the MOSFET M₂. The MOSFETs M₆, M₇ of the biasing circuit 6 preferably have dimensions such that the ratio between their transconductance values and the transconductance of the MOSFETs M₁, M₂, M₃ is substantially equal to 1.

[0023] The operational amplifier described operates in the following manner. The biasing circuit 6 sets the operating voltage at the gate of the MOSFET M₂ at a value such that the current which flows in the final stage 3 at rest, that is, in the absence of a signal V_(in) at the input of the operational amplifier 1, is approximately equal to K times the current I_(O). As explained above, K is the ratio between the transconductance g_(mP4) of the p-channel MOSFET M₄ and the transconductance g_(mP2) of the p-channel MOSFET M₂.

[0024] It is important to note that, in the second signal path or p-path, the node N1 connected to the gate of the p-channel MOSFET M₄ of the final stage is a low-impedance node. This node is in fact connected to the source electrode of the p-channel MOSFET M₂ which is itself a low-impedance node. Moreover, since the drain of the MOSFET M₂ is connected to ground, the impedance seen by the node N2 is further reduced. By virtue of the fact that the node N1 has low impedance, it is not necessary to provide for its compensation.

[0025] It is assumed that a load of impedance equal to RL is applied to the output Out of the operational amplifier 1 and a low-frequency (voltage) signal V_(in) is applied between the inputs In+ and In−. It is also assumed that the first amplification stage 2 has a gain of A1, so that the signal V_(oi) which is present at the output Out_(i) of the first amplification stage 2 is

V _(oi) =V _(in) *A1

[0026] The first signal path or n-path will be considered. If g_(mN5) is the transconductance of the MOSFET M₅,

V _(out) =−V _(oi) *g _(mN5) *RL.

[0027] The gain in absolute value of the second amplification stage 3 along the n-path is therefore:

A2=(V _(out) /V _(oi))=g_(mN5) *RL

[0028] and the overall gain of the operational amplifier along the n-path is:

A=A1*A2=A1*g_(mN5) *RL.

[0029] The second signal path or p-path will now be considered. Assuming that g_(mN8), g_(mP3), g_(mp1),g_(mP2) and g_(mP4) are the respective transconductances of the MOSFETs M₈, M₃, M₁, M₂ and M₄, in this case:

V _(out) =V _(oi) *g _(mN) ₈*(g _(mP1) /g _(mP3))*(g _(mP4) /g _(mP2))*RL

[0030] With the dimensions of the MOSFETs described above:

(g _(mP1) /g _(mP3))=1

[0031] and

(g _(mP4) /g _(mP2))=K

[0032] Therefore, for the p-path:

V _(out) =V _(oi) *g _(mN8) *K*RL

[0033] but, again on the basis of the dimensions of the MOSFETs described above,

g _(mN8) *K=g _(mN5)

[0034] the gain A2 of the second amplification stage 3 along the p-path is equal to the gain of the second amplification stage 3 along the n-path.

[0035] The operational amplifier 1 therefore has perfect symmetry between the p-path and the n-path, since the gain along the two paths is equal, except for mismatch between the components. However, any asymmetry resulting from mismatch between the components would certainly be of a lower order than asymmetry resulting from different circuit topology in the p-path and the n-path.

[0036] Clearly, variations and/or additions to the embodiment described and illustrated above may be provided. For example, although in the embodiment shown and described reference was made to MOS field-effect transistors, naturally this should not be considered a limitation of the invention since transistors of other types may in fact also be used.

[0037] Although the dimensions of the transistors given in the embodiment described are preferred, these are in no way limiting. An expert in the art can easily design alternative dimensions for the transistors without the resulting circuit thereby being considered not to be included within the scope of the protection of the present invention defined in the appended claims.

[0038] Moreover, the voltage for biasing the MOSFET M2 which, in the embodiment described, is generated by a biasing circuit 6 forming part of the operational amplifier, may be generated external the operational amplifier by a biasing circuit. For example, the biasing circuit may be similar to the biasing circuit described, which may even be common to several operational amplifiers. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. An operational amplifier comprising a first stage (2) and a second stage (3) with an input connected to an output (V_(O1)) of the first stage (2) and an output (Out) connectible to a load (RL), the second stage (3) comprising, between its input and its output, a first signal path (M₅) for driving the load (RL) in a first direction, and a second signal path (M₈, M₃, M₁, M₂, M₄) for driving the load (RL) in the opposite direction, characterized in that the first and second signal paths have substantially equal gains for small signals, substantially equal output impedances for small and large signals, and substantially equal output-current capabilities.
 2. An operational amplifier according to claim 1 , in which the second stage (3) comprises a final push-pull stage (M₄, M₅) with a first transistor (M₅) and a second transistor (M₄) belonging to the first signal path and to the second signal path, respectively, for driving the load (RL) in the first direction and in the second direction, respectively.
 3. An operational amplifier according to claim 2 , in which the first transistor (M₅) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) is driven directly by the output (V_(Oi)) of the first stage (2), and the second transistor (M₄) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) is driven by the output (V_(Oi)) of the first stage (2) via a signal-level translation circuit (M₈, M₃, M₁, M₂).
 4. An operational amplifier according to claim 3 , in which a control electrode of the second transistor (M₄) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) is driven by a low-impedance output node (N1) of the level-translation circuit (M₈, M₃, M₁, M₂).
 5. An operational amplifier according to claim 4 , characterized in that the level-translation circuit (M₈, M₃, M₁, M₂) comprises a pair of circuit branches (4, 5) connected as a current mirror, a first branch (4) of the pair comprising a first transistor (M₈) driven by the output (Out_(i)) of the first stage (2), in series with a second transistor (M₃) which is connected as a diode and the control electrode of which is connected to the control electrode of a first transistor (M₁) of the second branch (5) of the pair of circuit branches (4, 5), the first transistor (M₁) of the second branch (5) being connected in series with a second transistor (M₂) of the second branch (5), the common node (N1) between the first and second transistors (M₁, M₂) of the second branch being the low-impedance node which drives the second transistor (M₄) of the final stage (M₄, M₅).
 6. An operational amplifier according to claim 5 , further comprising a circuit (M₆, M₇, I₀) for biasing the second transistor (M₂) of the second branch (5) of the pair of branches (4, 5).
 7. An operational amplifier according to claim 6 , in which the dimensions of the transistors are such that the ratio between the transconductance of the second transistor (M₄) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) and the transconductance of the second transistor (M₂) of the second branch (5), multiplied by the ratio between the transconductance of the first transistor (M₁) of the second branch (5) and the transconductance of the second transistor (M₃) of the first branch (4), is substantially equal to the ratio between the transconductance of the first transistor (M₅) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) and the transconductance of the first transistor (M₈) of the first branch.
 8. An operational amplifier according to claim 7 , in which the dimensions of the second transistor (M₃) of the first branch (4) and of the first transistor (M₁) of the second branch (5) are such that the ratio between their transconductances is substantially equal to 1, and the dimensions of the second transistor (M₂) of the second branch (5) are such that the ratio between the transconductance of the second transistor (M₄) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) and the transconductance of the second transistor (M₂) of the second branch (5) is substantially equal to the ratio between the transconductance of the first transistor (M₅) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) and the transconductance of the first transistor (M₈) of the first branch.
 9. An operational amplifier according to claim 8 , in which the transistors (M₁, M₂, M₃, M₄, M₅, M₈) are MOSFETs.
 10. An operational amplifier according to claim 9 , in which the first transistor (M₅) of the final stage (M₄, M₅) and the first transistor (M₈) of the first branch (4) are n-channel MOSFETs, and the second transistor (M₄) of the final stage (M₄, M₅), the second transistor (M₃) of the first branch (4), and the transistors (M₁, M₂) of the second branch (5) are p-channel MOSFETs. 